致富彩票

内容简介

本教材是在推进“新医科”建设背景下编写的、能够体现全新理念的医学英语教材。本教材充分体现英语教学的育人功能，融入医学人文、价值伦理、中国立场等内容；课文题材覆盖基础医学、临床医学、中医药、医学技术、公共卫生等领域，包括健康医学领域的核心范畴、前沿技术、行业标准、历史文化、健康治理等内容；体裁包括说明文、议论文、记叙文、应用文以及人物访谈等；练习注重思辨和创新能力培养，要求学生对健康医学领域的实际问题进行创新性解决，从而实现英语语言能力和医药卫生专业视野的双向拓展，提升他们在健康医学领域进行国际交流的能力。

教材特色

 题材广泛，体裁多样

本教材体现“大健康”理念。题材包含基础医学、临床医学、中医药、医学技术、公共卫生等，涉及健康医学领域的核心范畴、前沿技术、行业标准、历史文化、健康治理等内容；体裁多样，说明文、议论文、记叙文、应用文及人物访谈等均有呈现。

目标导向，带动思维

每章节第一部分概述学习背景，设置学习目标，导向清晰、层层递进，有助于学生把注意力集中到与目标有关的问题上，启发、引导学生的学习动机、兴趣与意向。

13  Diagnosis, the determination of the nature of adisease, is based on many factors, including the signs, symptoms, and, often,laboratory results. Laboratory tests include such familiar procedures asurinalysis, blood chemistry, electrocardiography, and radiography. New diagnostic-imagingtechniques such as computerizedtomography (CT scan), radiology, ultrasound, and nuclear medicine provide avisualization never before possible. Diagnostic procedures used in determiningvarious diseases are discussed for each system. A physician also derivesinformation for making a diagnosis from a physical examination, frominterviewing the patient or a family member, and from a medical history of thepatient and family. The physician, having made a diagnosis, may state thepossible prognosis of thedisease, or the predicted course, and outcome of the disease.

诊断，即确定疾病的性质，基于诸多因素，如体征、症状、常常还有实验室检查结果。实验室化验包括一些我们熟悉的程序，比如，尿检，血检，心电描记术和放射照相术。像计算机化断层显像（CT扫描），放射照相术，超声波和核医学这些全新的诊断成像技术具有造影功能，这在以前是无法实现的。用于确诊各种疾病的诊断程序在每个系统中都有涉及。医生也可以从体检、与病人及其家属交谈、病人及其家族的病史中获得信息，以便对疾病进行诊断。已经做出诊断的医生要说明疾病可能的预后，或预期的病程，和疾病的后果。

14  The treatment considered most effective isprescribed and may include medication, surgery, radiation therapy, or possiblypsychological counseling. A patient may be advised to change habits oflife-style such as overeating, smoking, alcohol abuse, or to avoid a stressfulsituation if possible.

诊断，即确定疾病的性质，基于诸多因素，如体征、症状、常常还有实验室检查结果。实验室化验包括一些我们熟悉的程序，比如，尿检，血检，心电描记术和放射照相术。像计算机化断层显像（CT扫描），放射照相术，超声波和核医学这些全新的诊断成像技术具有造影功能，这在以前是无法实现的。用于确诊各种疾病的诊断程序在每个系统中都有涉及。医生也可以从体检、与病人及其家属交谈、病人及其家族的病史中获得信息，以便对疾病进行诊断。已经做出诊断的医生要说明疾病可能的预后，或预期的病程，和疾病的后果。

15 The course of adisease varies; it may have a sudden onset and short term, in which case it isan acute disease. A disease may begin insidiously and be long-lived,or chronic. The term chronic is derived from theGreek word chronos fortime. Diseases that will end in death are called terminal. The signs and symptoms of a chronic disease attimes subside, during a period known as remission.They may recur in all their severity in a period of exacerbation. Certain diseases, leukemia and ulcerative colitis,for example, are characterized by periods of remission and exacerbation. Arelapse at times occurs when a disease returns weeks or months after itsapparent cessation.

疾病的过程各异。它可能发病急，病程短，这种情况属于急性病；也可能不知不觉地发生，持续时间长，或是慢性的。“chronic”这个术语源于表示时间的希腊词“chronos”。可致死的疾病叫做晚期疾病。慢性病的体征和症状在缓和期有时会减轻，在恶化期可能会再次出现，十分严重。某些疾病如白血病和溃疡性结肠炎的一个重要特点就是具有症状缓和期和恶化期。有时，一种疾病在明显终止后几周或几个月会复发。

16  Complications frequently occur, meaning that a disease develops ina patient already suffering from another disease. Patients confined to bed witha serious fracture frequently develop pneumonia as a complication of the inactivity.Infection of the testes may be acomplication of mumps, particularly after puberty. Anemia generally accompaniesleukemia, cancer, and chronic kidney disease. Bacterial infection frequentlyfollows certain predisposing factors such as kidney stones, heart defects, andan enlarged prostate gland.

并发症也常常出现，即患者得某种病后，还会并发另一种病。严重骨折，并卧床不起的患者由于无法活动，往往会并发肺炎。腮腺炎可能会并发睾丸感染，尤其是在青春期后。一般情况下，白血病、癌症和慢性肾病都伴有贫血。某些诸如肾结石、心脏缺陷和前列腺肥大等发病诱因常伴有细菌感染。

17  Theaftermath of a particular disease iscalled the sequela, a sequel. The permanent damage to the heart afterrheumatic fever is an example of a sequela, as is the paralysis of polio. The sterility resulting from severeinflammation of the fallopian tubesis also a sequela.

疾病的后果叫做后遗症，一种遗患。风湿热之后心脏遭受的永久损伤是一种后遗症，正如瘫痪也是小儿麻痹症的后遗症一样。由输卵管严重炎症引起的不孕不育症也是一种后遗症。

18  Diseases can be classified in many ways. Forinstance, they can be considered according to the general mechanisms of diseaseand in the physiologic systems in which they are a factor. General healthproblems include allergies, malnutrition, obesity, and alcoholism.

疾病有多种分类方法。比如，可根据疾病的一般机制分类，也可将之放在生理系统中考虑，因为疾病是其中的一个因素。一般的疾病包括：过敏、营养不良、肥胖症和酒精中毒。

19  An understanding of disease, its cause, theway it affects the body, effective treatments, and its possible prognosisshould enable the health professional to alleviatesuffering, anxiety, and fear in those who are ill.

了解疾病及其原因、疾病对身体发生何种影响、有效的疾病治疗方案以及疾病的预后有助于医务人员减轻患者的痛苦、焦虑和恐惧感。

20  The body attempts to maintain homeostasis inthe midst of ever-changing conditions. It senses a deficiency in the working ofan organ and tries to compensate for it. The response to a significant disturbancein the body’s homeostasis can resemble the sign of disease.

机体试图在不断变化的情况下维持内环境的稳定。当它感觉到某个器官在工作过程中存在缺陷，便会尽力去补偿。当机体的内环境稳态出现严重紊乱时，发生的反应与疾病的体征相似。

21  Disease is an unhealthy state of a body part,a system, or the body as a whole. It may result from a structural anomaly, afunctional condition, or trauma. Many factors can cause disease: infectiousagents, heredity, environmental conditions, malnutrition, and stress. The causeof a disease is sometimes unknown. Etiology is the cause of a disease.Pathology is the branch of medicine that studies the etiology, characteristics,and effects of disease, in other words, its pathogenesis.

疾病是某个身体部位、某个系统或整个身体的不健康状态，它可能由结构性异常、功能性病变或外伤引起。致病的因素有很多：传染性病原体、遗传、环境、营养不良和应激。有时，病因不详。病原学研究的是疾病的原因，而病理学则是研究疾病的病原学、特点和影响，即发病机制的一门医学分支。

22  Disease manifests itself by signs andsymptoms, objective and subjective indications of its presence. In somediseases a certain combination of signs and symptoms occur as in Down’ssyndrome.

疾病体现在体征和症状，即疾病存在的主、客观指征上。和唐氏综合征一样，在某些疾病中，多种体征和症状可同时出现。

23  Diagnoses of disease are based on manyfactors, signs and symptoms, laboratory tests, physical examination, andpatient and family histories. The most suitable treatment is then prescribed.The disease may be acute or chronic; signs of a chronic disease frequentlysubside or exacerbate. Understanding the various aspects of disease enables thehealth professional to serve those who are ill in a comprehensive manner.

疾病的诊断基于多种因素：体征和症状、实验室化验、体检，和病人及其家族的病史。接着，开处方确定最合适的治疗方案。疾病具有急性和慢性之分，慢性病的体征常常会消退或恶化。了解疾病的各个方面能帮助医务人员全面地为病人服务。